English-Language Proficiency Requirements for Migration to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the Implications for Language Testing Research

Language proficiency testing has long played a role as both facilitator and barrier in global migration. This paper outlines how Canada other traditional migrant destination countries use English-language for immigration, asylum resettlement, citizenship. It identifies commonalities between these three related areas of migration the covert values that are often embedded required test scores. different approaches conducting research under umbrella Shohamy’s (2001) Critical Testing concludes with language advocacy suggestions specific to Canadian context.